The Japanese adaptation of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR-J) is a tailored version of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), designed to better meet the needs of Japanese learners of English. The CEFR-J, like the CEFR, uses illustrative  descriptors  known  as  can-do  statements,  that  describe  achievement  goals  for five  skills  (listening,  reading,  spoken ...

Formalisms for visual language specification have been investigated for more than two decades now. However, there has been little attempt to develop a systematic and comprehensive hierarchy of visual languages based on formal properties. Given the importance of the Chomsky hierarchy in the theory of textual languages and the difficulty of comparing the different visual language formalisms, it i...

We study a classification of cellular automata based on the Turing degree of the orbits of the automaton. The difficulty of determining the membership of a cellular automaton in any one of these classes is characterized in the arithmetical hierarchy.

Optimization problems frequently appear in any scientific domain. Most of the times, corresponding decision problem turns out to be NP-hard, and these cases genetic algorithms are often used obtain approximated solutions. However, difficulty approximate different NP-hard can vary a lot. In this paper, we analyze usefulness using depending on approximation class belongs to. particular, use stand...

We present a novel method employing a hierarchical domain ontology structure to select features representing documents. All raw words in the training documents are mapped to concepts in a domain ontology. Based on these concepts, a concept hierarchy is established for the training document space, using is-a relationships defined in the domain ontology. An optimum concept set may be obtained by ...

Appropriate warming of the periocular or posterior cervical skin has been reported to induce autonomic or mental relaxation in humans. To clarify the effects of cutaneous warming on human sleep, eight male subjects with mild sleep difficulties were asked to try three experimental conditions at home, each lasting for 5 days, in a cross-over manner: warming of the periocular skin with a warming d...